Bordering all but two of South America’s other nations and by far Latin America’s largest country, Brazil differs linguistically, historically, and culturally from Spanish America. Its indigenous peoples share the country with descendants of Portuguese conquerors and the Africans they imported to work as slaves, along with more recent immigrants from southern Europe, Japan, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Capturing the scope of this country’s rich diversity and distinction as no other book has done—with more than a hundred entries from a wealth of perspectives—The Brazil Reader offers a fascinating guide to Brazilian life, culture, and history.
Complementing traditional views with fresh ones, The Brazil Reader’s historical selections range from early colonization to the present day, with sections on imperial and republican Brazil, the days of slavery, the Vargas years, and the more recent return to democracy. They include letters, photographs, interviews, legal documents, visual art, music, poetry, fiction, reminiscences, and scholarly analyses. They also include observations by ordinary residents, both urban and rural, as well as foreign visitors and experts on Brazil. Probing beneath the surface of Brazilian reality—past and present—The Reader looks at social behavior, women’s lives, architecture, literature, sexuality, popular culture, and strategies for coping with the travails of life in a country where the affluent live in walled compounds to separate themselves from the millions of Brazilians hard-pressed to find food and shelter. Contributing to a full geographic account—from the Amazon to the Northeast and the Central-South—of this country’s singular multiplicity, many pieces have been written expressly for this volume or were translated for it, having never previously been published in English.
Robert M. Levine is Professor of History and Director of Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. He has published extensively on Brazil and is former chair of the Columbia University Seminar on Brazil. His previous books include The Brazilian Photographs of Genevieve Naylor, 1940–1942, and Images of History, both also published by Duke University Press. John J. Crocitti is Assistant Professor of History at San Diego Mesa College. Table of Contents: -
- Acknowledgments xi
- A Note on Style xiii
- Introduction 1
- I. Origins, Conquest, and Colonial Rule
- The Origin of Fire / Cayapo Legend 16
- Noble Savages / John Hemming 20
- A Description of the Tupinamba / Anonymous 25
- The First Wave / Warren Dean 33
- Letter to Governor Tome de Sousa / Manoel da Nobrega 37
- From the River of Jenero / Francisco Suares 41
- The Sins of Maranhao / Antonio Vieira 43
- Minas Uprising of 1720 / Anonymous 45
- Smuggling in the Diamond District / George Gardner 52
- Decree Elevating Brazil to a Kingdom / Joao VI 56
- II. Imperial and Republican Brazil
- Declaration of Brazilian Independence, 1822 / Pedro I 63
- The Baron of Parnaiba / George Gardner 65
- Uprising in Maranhao, 1839-1840 / Domingos Jose Goncalves de Magalhaes 69
- A Paraiba Plantation, 1850-1860 / Stanley J. Stein 76
- The Paraguayan War Victory Parade / Peter M. Beattie 87
- A Vanishing Way of Life / Gilberto Freyre 91
- A Mirror of Progress / Dain Borges 93
- Drought and the Image of the Northeast / Gerald M. Greenfield 100
- Dom Pedro the Magnanimous / Mary Wilhelmine Williams 104
- Solemn Inaugural Session of December 24, 1900 / Congress of Engineering and Industry 107
- Intellectuals at Play / Olavo Bilac Colllection 109
- City of Mist / Manoel Sousa Pinto 110
- The Civilist Campaign / J. R. Lobao 113
- Gaucho Leaders, 1923 / Photograph 115
- Factory Rules, 1924 / Abramo Eberle Metalworks Management 116
- III. Slavery and Its Aftermath
- The War against Palmares / Anonymous 125
- Slave Life at Morro Velho Mine / Sir Richard Francis Burton 131
- Scenes from the Slave Trade / Logbook Entries; Joao Dunshee de Abrantes 135
- Cruelty to Slaves / Thomas Ewbank 138
- Slavery and Society / Joaquim Nabuco 143
- Abolition Decree, 1888 / Princess Isabel and Rodrigo Augusto da Silva 145
- Laws Regulating Beggars in Minas Gerais, 1900 / Liegislature of Minas Gerais 146
- IV. The Vargas Era
- The Social Question / Platform of the Liberal Alliance, 1930 156
- Manifesto, May 1930 / Luis Carlos Prestes 158
- Heroes of the Revolution / Composite Postcard Photograph 160
- The "Gold for Sao Paulo" Building, 1932 / Cristina Mehrtens 162
- Where They Talk about Rosa Luxemburg / Patricia Galvao 166
- Two Versions of Factory Life / Photographers Unknown 172
- Seized Correspondence from Communists, 1935-1945 / Dossier 20, Police Archives 176
- The Paulista Synagogue / Gustavo Barroso 182
- Why the Estado Novo? / Oliveira Vianna 184
- New Year's Address, 1938 / Getulio Vargas 186
- Rural Life / Photographers Unknown 190
- A New Survey of Brazilian Life / Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 195
- General George C. Marshall's Mission to Brazil / Katherine Tupper Marshall 197
- Comments on the Estado Novo / Bailey W. Diffie 200
- Educational Reform after Twenty Years / Anisio S. Teixeira 204
- Ordinary People: Five Lives Affected by Vargas-Era Reforms / Apolonio de Carvalho, Geraldo Valdelirios Novais, Frederico Heller, Maurilio Thomas Ferreira, Joana de Masi Zero 206
- Vargas's Suicide Letter, 1954 / Getulio Vargas 222
- V. Seeking Democracy and Equity
- Rehearsal for the Coup / Araken Tavora 231
- The Military Regime / Antonio Pedro Tota 235
- Excerpts from the 1967 Brazilian Constitution 238
- Tropicalism and Brazilian Popular Music under Military Rule / Christopher Dunn 241
- Literature under the Dictatorship / Elizabeth Ginway 248
- Pele Speaks / Edson Arantes Nascimento da Silva 254
- The Maximum Norm of the Exercise of Liberty / Grupo da Educacao Moral e Civica 258
- Families of Fishermen Confront the Sharks / Paulo Lima 260
- The Reality of the Brazilian Countryside / Landless Movement (MST) 264
- The "Greatest Administrative Scandal" / Seth Garfield 268
- Life on an Occupied Ship / Marcal Joao Scarante 274
- A Letter from Brazil / Juliano Spyer 277
- Inaugural Address / Fernando Henrique Cardoso 280
- Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Theory and Practice / Ted G. Goertzel 289
- Is Brazil Hopelessly Corrupt? / Roberto DaMatta 295
- VI. Women's Lives
- Aunt Zeze's Tears / Emilia Moncorva Bandeira de Mello 302
- Tarsila and the 1920s / Carol Damian and Cristina Mehrtens 308
- The Integral Woman / Provincia de Guanabara 317
- The Children Always Had Milk / Maria Puerta Ferreira 319
- Women of the Forest / Yolanda and Robert F. Murphy 323
- My Life / Maria das Dores Gomes Batista 327
- A Healer's Story / Maria Geralda Ferreira 331
- Sonia, a Middle-Class Woman / Alison Raphael 334
- Family Life in Recife / Fanny Mitchell 337
- Xuxa and the Televisual Imaginary / Amelia Simpson 343
- Dreams of Uneducated Women / Jose Carlos Sebe Bom Meihy 348
- VII. Race and Ethnic Relations
- A Letter from Brazil, 1918 / Jose Clarana 354
- Growing Up Black in Minas Gerais / Carolina Maria de Jesus 359
- Exotic Peoples / Indian Protection Agency 365
- Brazil: Study in Black, Brown, and Beige / Leslie B. Rout Jr. 367
- Immigrant Ethnicity in Brazil / Jeffrey Lesser 374
- The Myth of Racial Democracy / Abdias do Nascimento 379
- The National Day against Racism / Revista MNU 382
- The Church Tries to Combat Prejudice / Bernardete Toneto 384
- What Color Are You? / Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 386
- Mixed Blood / Jefferson M. Fish 391
- VIII. Realities
- The Animal Game / Clayton S. Cooper 398
- How Brazil Works / Robert M. Levine 402
- Iansa Is Not Santa Barbara / Ile Axe Opo Afonja 408
- Upward Mobility Is Possible / Alcides Nazario Guerreiro Bruto 411
- Crab and Yoghurt / Tobias Hecht 415
- Voices from the Pavement / Claudia Milito and Helio R. S. Silva 420
- Pixote's Fate / Robert M. Levine 423
- A Letter to President Cardoso / Caius Brandao 430
- The History of the Huni Kui People / Sia Kaxinawa 432
- Urban Indians / Juliano Spyer 436
- Mayor Orders Billboard Shacks Destroyed / Juliana Raposo 441
- Cultural Imperialism at Its Most Fashionable / Roger M. Allen 447
- The Gay and Lesbian Movement in Brazil / James N. Green 454
- Liberation Theology's Rise and Fall / Robin Nagle 462
- IX. Saudades
- Bananas Is My Business / Helena Solberg 471
- The Invention of Tradition on Brazilian Radio / Bryan McCann 474
- Bahia Music Story / Bill Hinchberger 483
- O Axe de Zumbi / Paulo Lima and Bernadete Toneto 487
- At Carnival / Pedro Ribeiro 490
- Two Poets Sing the New World / Jessica Callaway 491
- Two Essays on Sports / Janet Lever and Jose Carlos Sebe Bom Methy 497
- Suggestions for Further Reading 505
- Acknowledgment of Copyrights 511
- Index 519
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